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Eschimesi Inuit vs Hunza

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 Muso
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Fabietto la quantità dipende dal carico acido, quindi è relativa. Esistono anche prodotti ad hoc, come basenpulver o alkawater, personalmente ti sconsiglio di usare esclusivamente bicarbonato di sodio, per ovvi motivi.


   
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fabio meloni
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A me piaceva molto l'acqua uliveto (bicarbonato calcica). Cosa ne pensate?

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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 Muso
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Mmmm non so quanto possa incidere sul rapporto acido/basico complessivo. Secondo me se mangi ogni giorno biete, spinaci o altre verdure alcalinizzanti e un paio di frutti dovresti essere a posto, partendo dal presupposto che non eccedi in pro. Alcuni paleoman su alcuni forum o gruppi di discussione si lamentano che il basenpulver non funziona, poi scopri che mangiano 100grammi di proteine a pasto...


   
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fabio meloni
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Le urine di una persona sana che ph devono avere? Usando le cartine tornasole apposite si dovrebbe avere un dato abbastanza valido a cui riferirsi o no?
Comunque penso di non eccedere in proteine: credo di essere, in media, sui 1,5/2 grammi per kg corporeo... a giorni men e a giorni di più. Secondo me mangio abbastanza frutta e verdura... ma non sono sicuro di essere a riparo da possibili problemi. Comunque mi sento bene e mi alleno con costanza.


maxBIIOFIPCF mi ha fatto venire un po' di paranoie:asd:

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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 Muso
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Secondo alcuni il ph dovrebbe essere 7, la norma è da 5 a....boh credo 7,5.


   
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Tropico
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Stiamo andando un pò off topic, continuiamo qui https://www.mangiaconsapevole.com/forum/T-L-equilibrio-acido-basico.html?pid=6722#pid6722
Comunque in genere per tamponare l'acidità metabolica sono importanti alcuni minerali come potassio,magnesio...

La medicina ha fatto così tanti progressi che ormai più nessuno è sano. Huxley | La persona intelligente è quella, e solo quella, che riesce a mettere insieme più aspetti della realtà ed è capace di trovare tra di essi una correlazione. C.Malanga


   
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OneLovePeace
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Stiamo andando un pò off topic, continuiamo qui https://www.mangiaconsapevole.com/forum/T-L-equilibrio-acido-basico.html?pid=6722#pid6722

Stavo per riscrivere quello che avevo già riportato nell'altro topic riguardo a Price. Grazie Tropico per averlo linkato.


La natura non fa nulla di inutile.


   
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fabio meloni
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Si potrebbe avere l'articolo scientifico (AFFIDABILE) dove si afferma che gli eschimesi hanno esagerati problemi di osteoporosi? Facendo ricerca sul web trovo questa affermazione solo in siti di vegani e simili.


Così, una dieta iperproteica non sembra portare alla perdita di calcio delle ossa, e il ruolo delle proteine sembra essere complesso e probabilmente dipende da altri fattori dietetici e la presenza di altri nutrienti nella dieta.

fonte: https://www.mangiaconsapevole.com/forum/T-L-equilibrio-acido-basico.html?pid=6724#pid6724

La presunta "osteoporosità" degli eschimesi causata da troppe proteine e pochi alimenti alcalinizzanti, potrebbe essere, invece, causato da un eccesso di vitamina A contenuto nel grasso e fegato di certi animali che si mangiano? Ho appreso quì che esiste un'osteoporosi secondaria, per esempio, anche da deficit proteico e anche da eccesso di vitamine A e D.

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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 Muso
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Fabietto non so risponderti, quel che è certo è che molte proteine indubbiamente acidificano, quindi per chiarire i tuoi dubbi dovresti fare una rassegna su pub med o siti affini degli studi che analizzano la correlazione tra acidità e perdita di massa ossea, magari comprando il più promettente e leggendolo per intero. Ci sono anche studi che correlano un assunzione proteica elevata ad una migliore densità ossea, ma per gli studi in questione elevata significa 1,5g per kg, penso che gli inuit ne mangino molte di più.


   
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fabio meloni
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Grazie lo stesso Vittorio! Questo argomento mi affascina moltissimo. Dubito di riuscire a soddisfare i miei dubbi con gli studi scientifici: non sono in grado di interpretarli e poi sono tutti in contrasto l'uno con l'altro... una vera "torre di babele".

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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fabio meloni
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Ma l'alta incidenza di osteoporosi ce l'hanno gli inuit "antichi" o quelli moderni?
Ho letto in questo sito che:

gli Inuit della Groenlandia (Eschimesi) abbiano inaspettatamente la pelle scura: ebbene, essi tradizionalmente ottenevano vitamina D da una dieta ricca di mammiferi marini, non necessitando così di una pelle troppo chiara, pur vivendo molto a nord. Gli attuali Inuit, che si cibano in modo "moderno”, hanno invece un’incidenza altissima di deficienza di vitamina D.

Quindi le cause della loro osteoporosi possono essere diverse... vedi eccesso di vitamina A, deficienza di vitamina D... non solo causata dall'acidità della carne o latte di foca non compensata da verdura e frutta che, ripeto, gli inuit possono tranquillamente compensare ingerendo le verdure contenute nelle frattaglie delle loro prede: renne, pesci, etc.

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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(@biker40)
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Ragazzi devo proprio tirarvi le orecchie...
Ancora credete alle cazzate vagan? Gli eschimesi, che fanno una dieta originaria, sono tra le popolazioni con le ossa più sane del pianeta...
Ancora con le MEGAcazzate del latte di foca e dei vegetali negli stomaci delle bestie...
Le cazzate alle quali credete hanno dell'incredibile. Infatti ci siete cascati pure con ehret...
Scusate ora vado a mungere una foca selvatica...
Ma per cortesia...


   
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fabio meloni
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Ammetto di primo acchito di esserci quasi cascato...:angry: comunque no, grazie alle mie elementari ricerche con google :giggle:, non ci credo affatto alle palesi MEGAcazzate vegane!:not: Infatti, se leggi tutti i miei precedenti interventi, ho mosso, fin da subito, dei dubbi:huh: su quello che ha detto il nuovo utente maxbiio... sull'osteoporosi degli eschimesi.
Buona mungitura... allora!:P

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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fabio meloni
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ARCTIC. The Arctic lies north of 70° latitude, marked by the tree line of the Subarctic. Few cultural groups occupy the Arctic: the Inuit live across the circumpolar region from northern Siberia throughout Greenland; the Aleuts and Yu'pik live on the coast and islands of southwestern Alaska; and six major Saami groups live in the northern reaches of Scandinavia and western Russia. Arctic diets are unique because animal products are staples and plants are seasonal supplements. Inuit diets traditionally are composed of marine mammals, fish, caribou, small game, birds, and plants, while Saami depend on herded reindeer for milk and meat, fishing, gathering plants, and hunting small game and birds. The diets of Aleuts and Yu'pik are similar to that of the Inuit.

Inuit Food Lists and Categories
Inuit are famous for eating marine mammals, mostly seal ( natsiq ). Bearded seal ( oodguk ), walrus, polar bear ( nanuk ), narwhal ( tuugalik ), beluga ( qilalugaq ), and the large plankton-eating whales are preferred foods. Seabird, goose, and duck eggs ( maniq ), ptarmigan, ducks, and geese are also eaten. Arctic char ( iqaluk ), an anadromous fish, is preferred above sculpin ( kanuyak ) and cod ( oogak ). Shellfish are consumed, but are not a major food resource. Land mammals, caribou ( tuktu , or reindeer), and Arctic hare are eaten to achieve a culturally desirable balance in the diet. Commonly eaten plants include kelp, sorrel, willow, blueberry, crowberry, soapberry, winter-green, lichens, Eskimo carrots, and Eskimo peanuts. The vegetable matter from herbivore's stomachs is also consumed.

Animal foods are divided into those associated with the sea or ice and those associated with the land. Inuit are subsistence hunters and divide themselves into two categories, Sikumiut are "people of the ice" and Taramiut are "people of the land." These categories relate as well to hunting on the sea and on the land. For a community to maintain an ecological balance in the animals, subsistence rules are practiced. One rule is that, whenever possible, hunters seek to provide a mixed diet with animals of the sea and animals of the land. If this balance is not maintained in hunting, it is believed that the animals may disappear. Some years the seal are more prolific and available, so more seal is eaten. Other years more caribou or char will be abundant and consumed. The diet reflects this balance among land and sea animals. Hunters carefully respect the animals by maintaining the balance and thus ensure their future harvests. Plants are considered separately in the diet as treats that complement the standard animal fare when they are available. The most culturally desirable diet of the Inuit varies by mixing sea mammals, caribou, and Arctic char. The relative proportion of these three staples in the diet depends on the geographic location and local foraging practices of the group.

During the contact periods, European dry and canned staples were introduced as trade items across the Arctic. These new foods were slowly adopted into the Inuit diet. Foods became divided into two categories, "country" or foraged food produced by Inuit themselves, and store-bought or imported foods, obtained by trading furs or for cash. Common store-bought foods include tea, sugar, flour, biscuits, and breads. Other imported foods include canned fruit and jam, meats, fish, and vegetables. Store foods are considered inferior and incapable of sustaining health for anyone raised eating country food.

Meal customs and food distribution. Hunting and food sharing form the core of Inuit society. When hunters return with fresh game or fish, it is distributed for consumption according to social rules. This occurs at least several times a week. Meals are communal and all animal foods are shared, distributed first within the community and then within the household. During the distribution, fresh, or uncooked, meats are eaten by anyone who is hungry. The remaining portions are distributed according to the kinship or friendship relationship of the receiver to the hunter. The hunter, his wife, father, mother, or a related elder conducts this process. While this food remains in the household, family members eat it communally at least once a day.

The typical traditional meal includes fresh, boiled, fried, or grilled meats, organs, and soft bones. The food is served on the ground outdoors or on the floor of the shelter. The animal food is cut away from the butchered carcass with the personal knife of the individual and eaten without any other utensils. If the animal food is boiled, its broth is drunk after eating the meat. Everyone is expected to eat until hunger subsides. All visitors to a home are expected to partake of whatever game is available. Hoarding or overeating food is not acceptable. Birds, eggs, plants, and small fish or shellfish are usually eaten by individuals, but are shared on demand with anyone who is hungry.

As a result of contact with Europeans, drinking heavily sugared tea and eating bannock or some form of bread has come to follow the consumption of animal food. The bannock is made from flour, water or milk, and fat (lard, vegetable shortening, or caribou or seal fat) and baked on a rock or in a frying pan over a fire. Tobacco is then shared. Before black tea was introduced, herbs were collected for making teas.

Meal patterns are guided by hunger and age. Young children and babies are fed frequently on demand until they reach five or six. The adult demand for food varies, but fewer meals are eaten in winter than in spring, summer, and fall. On average, one full meal and two or three tea breaks are taken between sleeping. Elders eat less as they grow older, but drink sweetened tea more often. Immature seal, cached meat, and fish are favored by the very old individuals.

Men, women, and children eat together. The men eat with long knives ( sevik ) as they squat near the animal food, and women use the ulu , the traditional curved knife of Inuit women. Children use smaller versions of adult knives as soon as they can control them. Older infants and toddlers eat premasticated foods from their mothers, but are typically breast-fed until they are four or five. Orphaned or adopted babies are fed seal broth.

Food preparation. Food preparation varies by season and environment. At camp, Inuit share the communal feast daily. "Fresh" (uncooked) seal ( mikiayak ) or other marine mammals are prepared within a short time after the animal is captured. Camp dwellers are called by children to the feast. The hunter or a designated relative, typically his wife, opens the animal after the body has had time to "cool." Those who are feeling cold would eat first, as the rich blood ( auok ) and warm chunks of exposed liver ( tingook ) warm the individuals' bodies and restore health and well-being. The blood not consumed is drained and the animal gutted. Organ meats, especially kidney ( taktu ), are eaten or fed to dogs along with the fat scraped from the skin and other waste. Intestines are saved, and the outer covering chewed. A delicacy among the North Baffin Inuit is chopped fat and brains mixed with the animal's blood ( allupiauoq ) in the body cavity before the meat is eaten. Eyeballs are sucked but not swallowed. The skin is saved for household and clothing use. During hungry periods, when animals are scarce, the skin, scraped on both sides, can also be eaten. Seal "hips" are preferred by men in the Eastern Arctic, while women enjoy the tenderloin along the spine, the backbone, and the ribs. Shoulders, flippers, and forelimbs are eaten by both men and women.

Marine mammals can also be eaten frozen ( quok ), sliced thin as the individual eats from the carcass, or the meat can be aged. To prepare aged seal, for example, seal is packed in its skin and stored a few days or as long as three weeks. Rotted seal is cached in the fall for consumption the next spring or summer. Ooyuk is soup made by boiling meat in fresh water, and seasoned with kelp. Salt or dry soup mix often replaces kelp. Chunks of meat are eaten out of the pot, which is usually set over a seal oil lamp or an open hearth. Cupfuls of rich broth ( kiyuk ) are drunk. Seal is deep-fat fried in the summer or grilled on flat rocks over heather fires. Seal oil is produced by pounding the fat. This rendered oil is then stored in a seal bladder to be eaten with plants or raw or dried fish. In spring and summer, foods are cooked on heather fires, which gives them a wonderful herbal taste. Polar bear and walrus were once consumed fresh, or raw, but they are only eaten cooked, due to concern about Arctic trichinosis. Narwhal and beluga whale are prized for their sweet skin ( muqtuq ). The meats of these animals and other whales can also be eaten prepared as other meats are. Polar bear organ meats are never eaten.

While seal typically dominates the diet, caribou ( tuqtu ) is also widely consumed, prepared in ways similar to the seal. Caribou meat is also cut into pieces and hung to air-dry for storage. Birds are captured, their feathers plucked, and then eaten uncooked. Eggs are sucked. Arctic hare is boiled as ooyuk, never eaten uncooked. Arctic char are eaten fresh, filleted into three boneless pieces hung from the head, or partially air-dried ( serata ) or freeze-dried ( pisi ). The fish can be boiled as ooyuk or fried ( satoya ), or grilled as well. Shellfish are eaten raw or boiled, but are rare in the Eastern Arctic.

Seasonal variation. Seal, walrus, and polar bear typically dominate winter foods. Ooyuk is popular in winter, as are frozen foods. As the sun returns daylight to the land, spring begins and groups of related Inuit begin to congregate for camping and hunting seal. Short hunting trips include fresh seal picnics. Easter is marked by the spring caribou hunt and feast. Once the ice begins to break up, Inuit cannot travel safely. Whatever foods can be captured near land-based camps are eaten. When dried caribou, fish, and cached marine mammals are exhausted, the diet is aged seal oil with plants and, perhaps, fresh fish. Summer continues with full daylight, marked by open-water sealing and whale hunts, and muqtuq is prepared and consumed. Summer fish camps produce large numbers of char to eat fresh, frozen, or dried. Plants are gathered during long walks, mostly by women and children. Seal and caribou are fried and grilled. In August, the sun begins to leave the northern sky and early fall begins. A fall caribou hunt culls the migrating herds. Bulls are especially desired because of their rich fat. The quiet winter season returns and the annual cycle begins again.

Foods of the Saami
Saami occupy the Arctic and Subarctic. These people were colonized in the thirteenth century and little is known about their indigenous foodways prior to colonization.

Saami lived traditionally by following the herds of reindeer seasonally as the animals fed on lowland lichens and mushrooms in early spring and winter and highland grasses in summer. The bulls were culled from the herds in October, December, and January to provide meat for fall and winter feasting and storage by smoking and drying.

Saami, like Inuit, eat caribou, or reindeer, using all the edible parts of the animal. Like the Inuit, they eat their foods cooked, boiled, smoked, and roasted. Reindeer meat is boiled in a thick soup that resembles Inuit ooyuk . Meat is eaten out of hand from the pot and the gravy scooped up in a cup to be drunk. Saami drink reindeer milk and use it to make cheese, which is often smoked, something Inuit do not do. While some Saami are known for reindeer herding, other groups and frequently eat fish. Both Saami groups, however, consume fish, land mammals, plants, and birds. Saami diets have been greatly influenced by northern European cooking patterns and foods for the past seven hundred years.

See also Canada: Native Peoples ; Fish ; Fishing ; Inuit ; Lapps ; Mammals, Sea ; Siberia .

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Balikci, Asen. The Netsilik Eskimo. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1970.

Berti, PR, SE Hamilton, O. Receveur, and HV Kuhnlein. "Food Use and Nutrient Adequacy in Baffin Inuit Children and Adolescents." Canadian Journal of Dietary Practice and Research 60, 2 (1999): 630.

Birket-Smith, Kaj. The Eskimos. Translated from the Danish by WE Calvert. Revised by C. Daryll Forde. London: Methuen, 1959.

Feldman, Kerry D. "Subsistence Beluga Whale Hunting in Alaska: A View from Eschscholtz Bay." In Contemporary Alaskan Native Economies, edited by Steve J. Langdon, pp. 15371. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986.

Fienup-Riordan, Ann. The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution. Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983.

Ingold, Tim. The Skolt Lapps Today. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Jorgensen, Joseph G. Oil Age Eskimos. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Kuhnlein, HV, R. Soueida, and O. Receveur. "Dietary Nutrient Profiles of Canadian Baffin Island Inuit Differ by Food Source, Season and Age." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96 (1996): 15562.

Kuhnlein, Harriet V., and Nancy J. Turner. Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany, and Use. Volume 8, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology, edited by Solomon Katz. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1991.

Lowenstein, Tom. Ancient Land, Sacred Whale: The Inuit Hunt and Its Rituals. London: Bloomsbury, 1993.

Matthiasson, John S. Living on the Land: Change among the Inuit of Baffin Island. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 1992.

Smith, Eric Alden. The Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Arctic Hunting Economy. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991.

Wolfe, Robert J. "The Economic Efficiency of Food Production in a Western Eskimo Population." In Contemporary Alaskan Native Economies, edited by Steve J. Langdon, pp. 10120. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986.

Kristen Borré

Source: Encyclopedia of Food & Culture , ©2003 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright .

Fonte: http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=it&langpair=en%7Cit&u=http://www.enotes.com/arctic-reference/arctic

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A parte la cazzata del latte di foca:D Non me lo toglie nessuno che la causa della presunta dilagante "osteoporosità" degli Inuit moderni (quelli antichi, a quanto pare, stavano benissimo) è da ricollegarsi all'introduzione, (da parte dei mercanti europei etc.), di cibi e voluttuari dannosi come zucchero, farina, pani, conserve in scatola, biscotti, marmellate, tabacco, alcol, etc. a discapito della loro rodata alimentazione antica basata su animali marini e di terra, uova, bacche, licheni, funghi etc.
Sembrerebbe non sia una cazzata il fatto che gli Inuit mangiassero anche i vegetali contenuti negli stomaci degli erbivori.

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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OneLovePeace
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Molto interessante questo documento Fabietto, grazie per aver condiviso! Chiedo a MaxBIIO di rifarsi vivo qui sul forum con qualche riferimento riguardo quello che scrisse nel suo primo e (finora) unico post.


La natura non fa nulla di inutile.


   
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fabio meloni
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Grazie Gabriel!

Ne ho trovato 1 ancora più interessante di cui ne posto uno stralcio:

But, in the mid 1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found at Native Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture. The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902-03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people.[20] More recently, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut. It also has provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition. In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies.

Gli Europei, oltre ad aver avvelenato, con cibo spazzatura, gli Inuit, sono colpevoli anche di aver importato delle malattie infettive che hanno decimato i poveri indigeni!

Interessante anche il resto:

Diet

Inuit choose their diet based on four concepts: "the relationship between animals and humans, the relationship between the body and soul and life and health, the relationship between seal blood and Inuit blood, and diet choice." Inuit are especially spiritual when it comes to the customs of hunting, cooking, and eating. The Inuit belief is that the combination of animal and human blood in one's bloodstream creates a healthy human body and soul.

The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters. They still hunt whales (esp. bowhead whale), walrus, caribou, seal, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic Fox. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat - in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75% of their daily energy intake from fat. While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic, the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed (kuanniq or edible seaweed) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location.There is a vast array of different hunting technologies that the Inuit used to gather their food.

In the 1920s anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit. The study focused on the fact that the Inuit's extremely low-carbohydrate diet had no adverse effects on their health, nor indeed, Stefansson's own health. Stefansson (1946) also observed that the Inuit were able to get the necessary vitamins they needed from their traditional winter diet, which did not contain any plant matter. In particular, he found that adequate vitamin C could be obtained from items in their traditional diet of raw meat such as Ringed Seal liver and whale skin (muktuk). While there was considerable skepticism when he reported these findings, they have been borne out in recent studies.

According to Inuit hunters and elders, hunters and seals have an agreement that allows the hunter to capture and feed from the seal if only for the hunger of the hunter's family. This alliance "both hunter and seal are believed to benefit: the hunter is able to sustain the life of his people by having a reliable source of food, and the seal, through its sacrifice, agrees to become part of the body of the Inuit." Inuit are under the belief that if they do not follow the alliances that their ancestors have laid out, the animals will disappear because they have been offended and will cease to reproduce.

Inuit are known for their practice of food sharing, a form of food distribution where one person catches the food and shares with the entire community. Food sharing was first documented among the Inuit in 1910 when a little girl decided to take a platter around to four neighboring families who had no food of their own.

Inuit consume a diet of foods that are fished, hunted, and gathered locally. This may include walrus, Ringed Seal, Bearded Seal, beluga whale, caribou, polar bear, muskoxen, birds (including their eggs) and fish. While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, fireweed and seaweed (kuanniq or edible seaweed) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location. According to Edmund Searles in his article "Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities," they consume this type of diet because a mostly meat diet is "effective in keeping the body warm, making the body strong, keeping the body fit, and even making that body healthy".

Hunting
Seal meat is the most important aspect of an Inuit diet and is often the largest part of an Inuit hunter's diet. Depending on the season, Inuit hunt for different types of seal: Harp Seal, Harbor Seal, and Bearded Seal. Ringed Seals are hunted all year, while Harp Seals are only available during the summer. Because air-breathing seals need to break through the ice to reach air, they form breathing holes with their claws. Through these, Inuit hunters are able to capture seals. When a hunter arrives at these holes, they set up a seal indicator that alerts the hunter when a seal is coming up for a breath of air. When the seal comes up, the hunter notices movement in the indicator and uses his harpoon to capture the seal in the water. Seals, as saltwater animals, are always considered to be thirsty and therefore are offered a drink of fresh water as it is dying. This is shown as a sign of respect and gratitude toward the seal and its sacrifice. This offering is also done to please the spirit Sedna to ensure food supply.

Walrus are often hunted during the winter and spring since hunting them in summer is much more dangerous. A walrus is too large to be controlled by one man, so it cannot be hunted alone. In Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut, an Inuit elder describes the hunt of a walrus in these words: "When a walrus was sighted, the two hunters would run to get close to it and at a short distance it is necessary to stop when the walrus's head was submergedÉthe walrus would hear you approach. They then tried to get in front of the walrus and it was harpooned while its head was submerged. In the meantime, the other person would drive the harpoon into the ice through the harpoon loop to secure it."

As one of the largest animals in the world, the bowhead whale is able to feed an entire community for nearly a year from its meat, blubber, and skin. Inuit hunters most often hunt juvenile whales which, compared to adults, are safer to hunt and have tastier skin. Similar to walrus, bowhead whales are captured by harpoon. The hunters use active pursuit to harpoon the whale and follow it during attack. At times, Inuit were known for using a more passive approach when hunting whales. According to John Bennett and Susan Rowley, they would harpoon the whale and instead of pursuing it, would "wait patiently for the winds, currents, and spirits to aid him in bringing the whale to shore."

During the majority of the year caribou roam the tundra in small herds, but twice a year large herds of caribou cross the inland regions. Caribou have excellent senses of smell and hearing so that the hunters must be very careful when in pursuit. Often, Inuit hunters set up camp miles away from the caribou crossing and wait until they are in full view to attack.

There are many ways in which the caribou can be captured, including spearing, forcing caribou into the river, using blinders, scaring the caribou, and stalking the caribou. When spearing caribou, hunters put the string of the spear in their mouths and the other end they use to gently spear the animal.

Fish

Inuit consume both salt water and freshwater fish including sculpin, Arctic cod, Arctic char and lake trout. They capture these types of fish by jigging. The hunter cuts a square hole in the ice on the lake and fishes using a fish lure and spear. Instead of using a hook on a line, Inuit use a fake fish attached to the line. They lower it into the water and move it around as if it is real. When the live fish approach it, they spear the fish before it has a chance to eat the fake fish.

Decline in Hunting

The decline of hunting is partially due to the fact that young people lack the skills to survive off the land. They are no longer skilled in hunting like their ancestors and are growing more accustomed to the Qallunaat ("White people") food that they receive from the south. The high costs of hunting equipment - snowmobiles, rifles, sleds, camping gear, gasoline, and oil - is also causing a decline in families who hunt for their meals.

Nutrition

Because the climate of the Arctic is ill-suited for agriculture and lacks foragable plant matter for much of the year, the traditional Inuit diet is unusually low in carbohydrates and high in fat and animal protein. In the absence of carbohydrates, protein is broken down in the liver through gluconeogenesis and utilized as an energy source. Inuit studied in the 1970s were found to have abnormally large livers, presumably to assist in this process. Their urine volumes were also high, a result of the excess urea produced by gluconeogenesis.

Traditional Inuit diets derive, at most, 35-40% of their calories from protein, with 50-75% of calories preferably coming from fat. This high fat content provides valuable energy and prevents protein poisoning, which historically was sometimes a problem in late winter when game animals grew lean through winter starvation. Because the fats of the Inuit's wild-caught game are largely monounsaturated and rich in omega-3 fatty acids, the diet does not pose the same health risks as a typical Western high-fat diet.

Vitamins and minerals which are typically derived from plant sources are nonetheless present in most Inuit diets. Vitamins A and D are present in the oils and livers of cold-water fishes and mammals. Vitamin C is obtained through sources such as caribou liver, kelp, whale skin, and seal brain; because these foods are typically eaten raw or frozen, the vitamin C they contain, which would be destroyed by cooking, is instead preserved.

Fonte: http://www.crystalinks.com/inuit.html

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C'è la conferma che gli antichi Inuit, grazie alla loro tradizionale alimentazione ricca di proteine animali e grassi, stavano benissimo; non avevano nessuna carenza e l'elevato introito di preziosi grassi animali evitava loro l'avvelenamento da proteine (inedia). Mi pare di capire, invece, che i moderni e giovani Inuit, sono meno esperti dei propri avi nella caccia e pesca. Poi aggiungiamo anche il cibo spazzatura Europeo che se magnano (farine, zuccheri e cazzabuboli vari) ed 'ecco svelato il mistero del declino della loro ancestrale salute!

La forma è anche sostanza. Chi veicola un messaggio non può essere estraneo al suo contenuto. Tropico - Chi è musone e triste non riesce a tener lontano la malattia. Tonegawa - Le testimonianze vere di gente normale valgono più di tante elucubrazioni teoriche. Francesca F.C.


   
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